References
Agrios, G. N. 2005a. INTRODUCTION. In Elsevier, p. 3–75. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-047378-9.50007-5.
Agrios, G. N. 2005b. Plant disease epidemiology. In Elsevier, p.
265–291. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-047378-9.50014-2.
Alves, K. S., and Del Ponte, E. M. 2021. Analysis and simulation of
plant disease progress curves in R: introducing the epifitter package.
Phytopathology Research. 3 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42483-021-00098-7.
Alves, K. S., Guimarães, M., Ascari, J. P., Queiroz, M. F., Alfenas, R.
F., Mizubuti, E. S. G., et al. 2021. RGB-based phenotyping of foliar
disease severity under controlled conditions. Tropical Plant Pathology.
47:105–117 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S40858-021-00448-Y.
Baddeley, A., Diggle, P. J., Hardegen, A., Lawrence, T., Milne, R. K.,
and Nair, G. 2014. On tests of spatial pattern based on simulation
envelopes. Ecological Monographs. 84:477–489 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-2042.1.
Baddeley, A., Turner, R., Moller, J., and Hazelton, M. 2005. Residual
analysis for spatial point processes (with discussion). Journal of the
Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology).
67:617–666 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00519.x.
Barnhart, H. X., Haber, M., and Song, J. 2002. Overall Concordance
Correlation Coefficient for Evaluating Agreement Among Multiple
Observers. Biometrics. 58:1020–1027 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2002.01020.x.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S. 2015. Fitting Linear
Mixed-Effects Models Usinglme4. Journal of
Statistical Software. 67 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
Bock, C. H., Chiang, K.-S., and Del Ponte, E. M. 2021a. Plant disease
severity estimated visually: a century of research, best practices, and
opportunities for improving methods and practices to maximize accuracy.
Tropical Plant Pathology. 47:25–42 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00439-z.
Bock, C. H., Pethybridge, S. J., Barbedo, J. G. A., Esker, P. D.,
Mahlein, A.-K., and Del Ponte, E. M. 2021b. A phytopathometry glossary
for the twenty-first century: towards consistency and precision in
intra- and inter-disciplinary dialogues. Tropical Plant Pathology.
47:14–24 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00454-0.
Bourke, P. M. A. 1970. Use of Weather Information in the Prediction of
Plant Disease Epiphytotics. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 8:345–370
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.08.090170.002021.
Brooks, M. E., Kristensen, K., van Benthem, K. J., Magnusson, A., Berg,
C. W., Nielsen, A., et al. 2017. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among
packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. The R
Journal. 9:378–400.
Brown, V. A. 2021. An Introduction to Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling in
R. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science.
4:251524592096035 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245920960351.
Café-Filho, A. C., Santos, G. R., and Laranjeira, F. F. 2010. Temporal
and spatial dynamics of watermelon gummy stem blight epidemics. European
Journal of Plant Pathology. 128:473–482 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-010-9674-1.
Campbell, C. L., and Madden. L., V. 1990. Introduction to plant
disease epidemiology. Wiley.
Chester, K. S. 1950. Plant disease losses : Their appraisal and
interpretation /. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.86198.
Chiang, K.-S., and Bock, C. H. 2021. Understanding the ramifications of
quantitative ordinal scales on accuracy of estimates of disease severity
and data analysis in plant pathology. Tropical Plant Pathology. 47:58–73
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00446-0.
Chiang, K.-S., Chang, Y. M., Liu, H. I., Lee, J. Y., El Jarroudi, M.,
and Bock, C. 2023. Survival Analysis as a Basis to Test Hypotheses When
Using Quantitative Ordinal Scale Disease Severity Data. Phytopathology®.
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-02-23-0055-R.
Chiang, K.-S., Liu, S.-C., Bock, C. H., and Gottwald, T. R. 2014. What
Interval Characteristics Make a Good Categorical Disease Assessment
Scale? Phytopathology®. 104:575–585 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-13-0279-r.
Cruz, C. D., and Valent, B. 2017. Wheat blast disease: danger on the
move. Tropical Plant Pathology. 42:210–222 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-017-0159-z.
Dalla Lana, F., Ziegelmann, P. K., Maia, A. de H. N., Godoy, C. V., and
Del Ponte, E. M. 2015. Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Crop
Yield and Soybean Rust Severity. Phytopathology®. 105:307–315 Available
at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-14-0157-R.
De Rossi, R. L., Guerra, F. A., Plazas, M. C., Vuletic, E. E., Brücher,
E., Guerra, G. D., et al. 2022. Crop damage, economic losses, and the
economic damage threshold for northern corn leaf blight. Crop
Protection. 154:105901 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105901.
De Wolf, E. D., Madden, L. V., and Lipps, P. E. 2003. Risk Assessment
Models for Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Epidemics Based on Within-Season
Weather Data. Phytopathology®. 93:428–435 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.4.428.
Del Ponte, E. M., Cazón, L. I., Alves, K. S., Pethybridge, S. J., and
Bock, C. H. 2022. How much do standard area diagrams improve accuracy of
visual estimates of the percentage area diseased? A systematic review
and meta-analysis. Tropical Plant Pathology. 47:43–57 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00479-5.
Del Ponte, E. M., Pethybridge, S. J., Bock, C. H., Michereff, S. J.,
Machado, F. J., and Spolti, P. 2017. Standard Area Diagrams for Aiding
Severity Estimation: Scientometrics, Pathosystems, and Methodological
Trends in the Last 25 Years. Phytopathology®. 107:1161–1174 Available
at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-02-17-0069-FI.
Duffeck, M. R., Santos Alves, K. dos, Machado, F. J., Esker, P. D., and
Del Ponte, E. M. 2020. Modeling Yield Losses and Fungicide Profitability
for Managing Fusarium Head Blight in Brazilian Spring Wheat.
Phytopathology®. 110:370–378 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-19-0122-R.
Esser, D. S., Leveau, J. H. J., Meyer, K. M., and Wiegand, K. 2014.
Spatial scales of interactions among bacteria and between bacteria and
the leaf surface. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 91 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiu034.
Franceschi, V. T., Alves, K. S., Mazaro, S. M., Godoy, C. V., Duarte, H.
S. S., and Del Ponte, E. M. 2020. A new standard area diagram set for
assessment of severity of soybean rust improves accuracy of estimates
and optimizes resource use. Plant Pathology. 69:495–505 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13148.
Francl, L. J. 2001. The..disease triangle: A plant pathological paradigm
revisited. The Plant Health Instructor. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHI-T-2001-0517-01.
Gigot, C. 2018. Epiphy: Analysis of plant disease epidemics.
Godoy, C. V., Seixas, C. D. S., Soares, R. M., Marcelino-Guimarães, F.
C., Meyer, M. C., and Costamilan, L. M. 2016. Asian soybean rust in
brazil: Past, present, and future. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira.
51:407–421 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2016000500002.
González-Domínguez, E., Martins, R. B., Del Ponte, E. M., Michereff, S.
J., García-Jiménez, J., and Armengol, J. 2014. Development and
validation of a standard area diagram set to aid assessment of severity
of loquat scab on fruit. European Journal of Plant Pathology. Available
at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0400-2.
Hebert, T. T. 1982. The rationale for the horsfall-barratt plant disease
assessment scale. Phytopathology. 72:1269 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-72-1269.
Islam, M. T., Kim, K.-H., and Choi, J. 2019. Wheat Blast in Bangladesh:
The Current Situation and Future Impacts. The Plant Pathology Journal.
35:1–10 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.rw.08.2018.0168.
Jeger, M. J., and Viljanen-Rollinson, S. L. H. 2001. The use of the area
under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) to assess quantitative disease
resistance in crop cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics.
102:32–40 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051615.
Jesus Junior, W. C. de, and Bassanezi, R. B. 2004. Análise da dinâmica e
estrutura de focos da morte súbita dos citros. Fitopatologia Brasileira.
29:399–405 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-41582004000400007.
Krause, R. A., and Massie, L. B. 1975. Predictive Systems: Modern
Approaches to Disease Control. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 13:31–47
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.13.090175.000335.
Krause, R. A., Massie, L. B., and Hyre, R. A. 1975. BLITECAST: A
computerized forecast of potato late blight. The Plant Disease Reporter.
59:95.
Laranjeira, F. F., Bergamin Filho, A. R., and Amorim, L. I. 1998.
Dinâmica e estrutura de focos da clorose variegada dos
citros (CVC). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 23:36–41.
Laranjeira, F. F., Bergamin Filho, A., Amorim, L., and Gottwald, T. R.
2004. Dinâmica espacial da clorose variegada dos citros em três regiões
do estado de são paulo. Fitopatologia Brasileira. 29:56–65 Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-41582004000100009.
Lehner, M. S., Pethybridge, S. J., Meyer, M. C., and Del Ponte, E. M.
2016. Meta-analytic modelling of the
incidenceyield and incidencesclerotial
production relationships in soybean white mould epidemics. Plant
Pathology. 66:460–468 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12590.
Leiminger, J. H., and Hausladen, H. 2012. Early Blight Control in Potato
Using Disease-Orientated Threshold Values. Plant Disease. 96:124–130
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-11-0431.
Li, B., Madden, L. V., and Xu, X. 2011. Spatial analysis by distance
indices: an alternative local clustering index for studying spatial
patterns. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 3:368–377 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00165.x.
Li, F., Upadhyaya, N. M., Sperschneider, J., Matny, O., Nguyen-Phuc, H.,
Mago, R., et al. 2019. Emergence of the Ug99 lineage of the wheat stem
rust pathogen through somatic hybridisation. Nature Communications. 10
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12927-7.
Lin, L. I.-K. 1989. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate
reproducibility. Biometrics. 45:255 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2532051.
Liu, H. I., Tsai, J. R., Chung, W. H., Bock, C. H., and Chiang, K. S.
2019. Effects of Quantitative Ordinal Scale Design on the Accuracy of
Estimates of Mean Disease Severity. Agronomy. 9:565 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090565.
Madden, L. 1978. FAST, a forecast system for alternaria solani on
tomato. Phytopathology. 68:1354 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-68-1354.
Madden, L. V. 1982. Evaluation of tests for randomness of infected
plants. Phytopathology. 72:195 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-72-195.
Madden, L. V., Esker, P. D., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2021. Forrest W.
Nutter, Jr.: a career in phytopathometry. Tropical Plant Pathology.
47:5–13 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00469-7.
Madden, L. V., Hughes, G., and Bosch, F. van den, eds. 2007a. CHAPTER
12: Epidemics and crop yield. In The American Phytopathological Society,
p. 353–388. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/9780890545058.012.
Madden, L. V., Hughes, G., and van den Bosch, F. 2007b. Spatial aspects
of epidemicsIII: Patterns of plant disease. In The American
Phytopathological Society, p. 235–278. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/9780890545058.009.
Madden, L. V., Hughes, G., and van den Bosch, F. 2007c. Temporal
analysis i: Quantifying and comparing epidemics. In The American
Phytopathological Society, p. 63–116. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/9780890545058.004.
Madden, L. V., Hughes, G., and van den Bosch, F. 2007d. The study of
plant disease epidemics. The American Phytopathological Society.
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/9780890545058.
Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2009. Assessing Heterogeneity in the
Relationship Between Wheat Yield and Fusarium Head Blight Intensity
Using Random-Coefficient Mixed Models. Phytopathology®. 99:850–860
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0850.
Madden, L. V., and Paul, P. A. 2011. Meta-Analysis for Evidence
Synthesis in Plant Pathology: An Overview. Phytopathology®. 101:16–30
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-10-0069.
Malaker, P. K., Barma, N. C. D., Tiwari, T. P., Collis, W. J.,
Duveiller, E., Singh, P. K., et al. 2016. First Report of Wheat Blast
Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Pathotype
triticum in Bangladesh. Plant Disease.
100:2330–2330 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0666-pdn.
Mikaberidze, A., Mundt, C. C., and Bonhoeffer, S. 2015. Data from:
Invasiveness of plant pathogens depends on the spatial scale of host
distribution. Available at: http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.f2j8s.
Moran, P. A. P. 1950. Notes on
continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika. 37:17.
Moreira, R. R., Silva Silveira Duarte, H. da, and De Mio, L. L. M. 2018.
Improving accuracy, precision and reliability of severity estimates of
Glomerella leaf spot on apple leaves using a new standard area diagram
set. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 153:975–982 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01610-0.
Mumford, J. D., and Norton, G. A. 1984. Economics of Decision Making in
Pest Management. Annual Review of Entomology. 29:157–174 Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.29.010184.001105.
Mundt, C. C., Ahmed, H. U., Finckh, M. R., Nieva, L. P., and Alfonso, R.
F. 1999. Primary Disease Gradients of Bacterial Blight of Rice.
Phytopathology®. 89:64–67 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.1.64.
Nelson, S. C. 1996. A simple analysis of disease foci. Phytopathology.
86:432–439.
Nutter, F. W., and Esker, P. D. 2006. The Role of Psychophysics in
Phytopathology: The WeberFechner Law Revisited. European
Journal of Plant Pathology. 114:199–213 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-4732-9.
Nutter, F. W., Esker, P. D., and Netto, R. A. C. 2006. Disease
Assessment Concepts and the Advancements Made in Improving the Accuracy
and Precision of Plant Disease Data. European Journal of Plant
Pathology. 115:95–103 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-1230-z.
Nutter, F., Teng, P., and Royer, M. 1993. Terms and concepts for yield,
crop loss, and disease thresholds. Plant Disease. 77:193–211 Available
at: http://doi.org/10.1094/PD-77-211.
Olivoto, T. 2022. Lights, camera, pliman! An R package for plant image
analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 13:789–798 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13803.
Olivoto, T., Andrade, S. M. P., and M. Del Ponte, E. 2022. Measuring
plant disease severity in R: introducing and evaluating the pliman
package. Tropical Plant Pathology. 47:95–104 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00487-5.
Onofri, A., Piepho, H.-P., and Kozak, M. 2018. Analysing censored data
in agricultural research: A review with examples and software tips.
Annals of Applied Biology. 174:3–13 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12477.
Parker, S. K., Nutter, F. W., and Gleason, M. L. 1997. Directional
Spread of Septoria Leaf Spot in Tomato Rows. Plant Disease. 81:272–276
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.3.272.
Pedigo, L. P., Hutchins, S. H., and Higley, L. G. 1986. Economic Injury
Levels in Theory and Practice. Annual Review of Entomology. 31:341–368
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.002013.
Pereira, W. E. L., Andrade, S. M. P. de, Del Ponte, E. M., Esteves, M.
B., Canale, M. C., Takita, M. A., et al. 2020. Severity assessment in
the Nicotiana tabacum-Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca pathosystem:
design and interlaboratory validation of a standard area diagram set.
Tropical Plant Pathology. 45:710–722 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-020-00401-5.
Reis, E. M., Hoffmann, L. L., and Blum, M. 2002. Modelo de ponto crítico
para estimar os danos causados pelo oídio em cevada. Fitopatologia
Brasileira. 27:644–646.
Sackett, K. E., and Mundt, C. C. 2005. Primary Disease Gradients of
Wheat Stripe Rust in Large Field Plots. Phytopathology®. 95:983–991
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-0983.
Savary, S., Teng, P. S., Willocquet, L., and Nutter, F. W. 2006.
Quantification and Modeling of Crop Losses: A Review of Purposes. Annual
Review of Phytopathology. 44:89–112 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143342.
Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts,
N., and Nelson, A. 2019. The global burden of pathogens and pests on
major food crops. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3:430–439 Available
at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y.
Scott, P. R., and Hollins, T. W. 1974. Effects of eyespot on the yield
of winter wheat. Annals of Applied Biology. 78:269–279 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1974.tb01506.x.
Shah, D. A., and Madden, L. V. 2004. Nonparametric Analysis of Ordinal
Data in Designed Factorial Experiments. Phytopathology®. 94:33–43
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.1.33.
Shrout, P. E., and Fleiss, J. L. 1979. Intraclass correlations: Uses in
assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin. 86:420–428
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420.
Simko, I., and Piepho, H.-P. 2012. The Area Under the Disease Progress
Stairs: Calculation, Advantage, and Application. Phytopathology®.
102:381–389 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-11-0216.
Tembo, B., Mulenga, R. M., Sichilima, S., M’siska, K. K., Mwale, M.,
Chikoti, P. C., et al. 2020. Detection and characterization of fungus
(Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum) causing wheat blast disease on
rain-fed grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Zambia ed. Zonghua Wang.
PLOS ONE. 15:e0238724 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238724.
Thresh, J. M. 1998. In memory of James Edward Vanderplank
19091997. Plant Pathology. 47:114–115 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2998.00220.x.
Vanderplank, J. 1963. Plant disease epidemics and control.
Elsevier. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-11642-X.
Viechtbauer, W. 2010. Conducting Meta-Analyses
inRwith
themetaforPackage. Journal of Statistical
Software. 36 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03.
Wallin, J. R. 1962. Summary of recent progress in predicting late blight
epidemics in United States and Canada. American Potato Journal.
39:306–312 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02862155.
Wiegand, T., and A. Moloney, K. 2004. Rings, circles, and null-models
for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos. 104:209–229 Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12497.x.
Willbur, J. F., Fall, M. L., Bloomingdale, C., Byrne, A. M., Chapman, S.
A., Isard, S. A., et al. 2018. Weather-Based Models for Assessing the
Risk of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Apothecial
Presence in Soybean (Glycine max) Fields. Plant
Disease. 102:73–84 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0504-RE.
Xu, X.-M., and Madden, L. V. 2004. Use of SADIE statistics
to study spatial dynamics of plant disease epidemics. Plant Pathology.
53:38–49 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.00949.x.
Yadav, N. V. S., Vos, S. M. de, Bock, C. H., and Wood, B. W. 2012.
Development and validation of standard area diagrams to aid assessment
of pecan scab symptoms on fruit. Plant Pathology. 62:325–335 Available
at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02641.x.
Yorinori, J. T., Paiva, W. M., Frederick, R. D., Costamilan, L. M.,
Bertagnolli, P. F., Hartman, G. E., et al. 2005. Epidemics of Soybean
Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Brazil and
Paraguay from 2001 to 2003. Plant Disease. 89:675–677 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0675.
Zadoks, J. C., and Schein, R. D. 1988. James Edward Vanderplank:
Maverick* and Innovator. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 26:31–37
Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.000335.